There as a good article in TIME a while back on this. One of the things they really highlighted, and one of the things that rang most true to me, was that Chinese view their children as very hardy and resilient. In America we view our children as weak and needing lots of protection. Thus we're afraid of pushing children too hard or challenging them.
Another important difference is that Chinese (and it seems Japanese as well from my experience) tend to praise people for their effort more than the result. Doesn't mean the result isn't important, but the focus is more on the effort. For example, it's better to praise a child for practicing really hard than for winning at an activity, so long as they actually did practice hard.